Nurse honey bees filter fungicide residues to maintain larval health
Residues of plant protection products (PPPs) are frequently detected in bee matrices1–6 due to foraging bees collecting contaminated nectar and pollen, which they bring back to their hive. The collected material is further used by nurse bees to produce glandular secretions for feeding their larvae.7 Potential exposure to PPPs occurs through direct oral ingestion, contact…